What is biophilic architecture and how it works (2024)

Coined by psychologist Eric Fromm and first popularised by biologist Edward O. Wilson in the 1980s, biophilia - literally translated as “love for life” - is defined as the impulse of humans to affiliate with other life forms. In 1984, Wilson formulated a genuine scientific hypothesis in this regard, based on the realization that human beings have evolved for more than 99% of its history in an adaptive response to the natural world, making nature an instrumental need for people’s physical and mental health, fitness, and well-being. This is also crucial considering that today’s habitat is largely the built environment, where we now spend 90% of our time.

More recently, more and more designers are considering exploiting this theory directly in architectural and interior design, mainly to improve the performance and well-being of the people who occupy spaces. In fact, according to Wilson’s own findings, human beings are inclined to live or work in places with certain spatial characteristics: an elevated position with a wide view, proximity to large green spaces dotted with trees, the presence of nearby expanses or waterways

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Based on the examples collected from the extensive history of architecture, the first examples of biomorphic forms in built environments can already be found. Antoni Gaudi’s Sagrada Familia, for instance, has a main facade in stone reminiscent of the bones of a skeleton. Still unfinished to this day, here, the branched columns of the nave imitate the shape of a tree and branches; in the internal structure of the church. With a diverse vocation, Frank Lloyd Wright’s villas immersed in nature also manifest this almost natural propensity to blend architectural volumes with the surrounding greenery.

Suppose the aim is thus to connect human beings with nature. In that case, biophilic design, in its contemporary derivation, focuses on the introduction of “natural” elements into the built environment, such as natural light, water, plants, natural materials like wood and stone, the feeling of texture, and shadows. At the scale of the building, on the other hand, the integration of organic forms is able to emphasize the more corporeal characteristics of the architecture and more easily establish a relationship with the user.The visual relationship with plant elements is also fundamental, joining sensorial and thermal stimuli.

Biophilic design seeks to link our intrinsic need for affiliation with nature to the modern built environment

Traveling in fact on examples of contemporary architecture, the Jewel in Singapore, designed by Moshe Safdie, is an example of biophilia in architecture declined in urban public space. The entertainment and retail complex, defined by nature and located within Changi Airport, includes the world’s tallest indoor waterfall, the Rain Vortex, at the centre of the forest bridges’ promenade. The high-performance glass panels used for the facade ensure light transmission into the promenade and reduce heat gain, allowing plants to grow and shielding the interior from heat waves.

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But the most on-trend field of biophilic design remains the tertiary sector, exploiting the methodology to create more high-performance spaces. The CapitaSpring skyscraper designed by BIG-Bjarke Ingels Group and CRA-Carlo Ratti Associati in Singapore is home to a veritable natural oasis of over 80 thousand plants, distributed according to the plant hierarchy of tropical rainforests. Here, the size of the plants decreases as you go upwards because the growth of the leaves is directly proportional to the sun. The green areas occupy the large covered plaza on the ground floor and are distributed over the ramps and overhead paths.

One of the few examples soon to be admired on Italian soil, however, is Kengo Kuma’s Welcome, feeling at work, a biophilic office of the future designed in collaboration with academic Stefano Mancuso. The idea behind the project is to apply biophilia to the working environment to improve relationships, create valuable opportunities for growth, meeting and exchange for the community, and at the same time, promote corporate innovation in favor of sustainability. Mancuso’s intervention includes Open Air Courtyards intended for everyday work and meetings, Terraces conceived as extensions of outdoor spaces that will host vegetable gardens, flower gardens, and walkways. Again a dynamic, functional green square and finally, Greenhouses declined not only as special work environments but also for entertainment and leisure, spaces for the hands and mind.

Opening image: Moshe Safdie, Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore. Courtesy of Jewel Changi Airport Devt

What is biophilic architecture and how it works (2024)

FAQs

What is biophilic architecture and how does it work? ›

Biophilic design is an approach to architecture that seeks to connect building occupants more closely to nature. Biophilic designed buildings incorporate things like natural lighting and ventilation, natural landscape features and other elements for creating a more productive and healthy built environment for people.

What are 3 benefits of biophilic design? ›

Incorporating direct or indirect elements of nature into the built environment have been demonstrated through research to reduce stress, blood pressure levels and heart rates, whilst increasing productivity, creativity and self reported rates of well-being.

What is biophilia and why is it important? ›

Biophilia focuses on human's attraction to nature and natural processes. It suggests that we all have a genetic connection to the natural world built up through hundreds of thousands of years of living in natural environments, and that it can help improve our mental and physical states.

What are the three principles of biophilic design? ›

Biophilic design principles are generally organised into three categories: nature in the space, nature of the space, and natural analogues. Nature in the space refers to the direct presence of nature and often includes multi-sensory interactions.

What are the disadvantages of biophilic design? ›

If not properly maintained, natural elements can become unsightly or even hazardous. Allergies: For some employees, exposure to natural elements such as plants or flowers can trigger allergies or other health issues. Space limitations: Biophilic design may not be practical for all workspaces.

What are the 5 senses of biophilic design? ›

Biophilic design comprises the 5 senses; sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. The ultimate goal is to use these in conjunction with each other to create a space which reenergises its occupants and allows for maximum return on investment.

How does biophilic design affect humans? ›

Biophilic design has been found to support cognitive function, physical health, and psychological well-being. Biophilia is defined as the innate human instinct to connect with nature and other living beings.

How do you design biophilic? ›

Adding plants to your space is a great first step, but there's much more to biophilia than just greenery—natural shapes, soft tones, and green building material choices are all ways to honor mother nature while reaping your own benefits from a closeness to the natural world.

What is biophilic design today? ›

Key Principles of Biophilic Design:

Biophilic design focuses on elements of the natural world that, over evolutionary time, have advanced human health, fitness, and wellbeing. Biophilic design incorporates nature in a way that is connected, complementary, and integrated within the overall environment.

What materials are used in biophilic architecture? ›

Common materials used might include FSC wood, bamboo, linen, cork, and ceramic, which all assist in shaping a biophilic design by using natural colors and textures.

What companies have biophilic design? ›

Large companies like Etsy, Airbnb, Microsoft, and Amazon are going beyond the occasional desk plant and are bringing green office design to a new standard.

Is biophilic design expensive? ›

Biophilia is increasingly recognised as an important element in building design for creating spaces that support health and wellbeing. Luckily, biophilic design does not require extensive or expensive interventions to have an impact.

What are the criticism of biophilia? ›

Although there is little doubt that biophilia has an evolutionary origin, some researchers disagree that the attraction that humans feel for Nature has become fixed over the course of its evolution and criticize the evolutionary interpretation of biophilia (Joye and De Block, 2011; Joye and Van den Berg, 2011; Haga et ...

What is the theory of biophilic design? ›

Biophilic design is an applied science aimed at planning artificial spaces that reflect "Biophilia", the innate tendency of human beings to seek connections with Nature [5]. ... ... They improve the air we breathe, enhancing our well-being and comfort while creating a calming and pleasant environment [17].

What is the psychology behind biophilic design? ›

Stress Reduction and Emotional Well-being

Modern life often inundates individuals with stressors. BiophiThe biophilic responds to this by introducing elements that evoke tranquility. Natural textures, soothing colors, and the presence of plants have been shown to reduce stress levels and elevate mood.

What are the five senses of biophilic design? ›

As experts in biophilic interior design, we at Plantique recommend exploring the concept of biophilic design by journeying through the five senses: touch, smell, hear, sight and taste.

What is the methodology of biophilic design? ›

Biophilic Design tries to translate humans' attraction to and desire for connection with Nature, namely biophilia, into the design of environments. However, to justify the psychological benefits and effectiveness of biophilic design, designers often draw inspiration from restorative environment design, ...

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